Cement compositions and durability in ancient Roman seawater concretes M.D. Jackson, G. Vola, B.E. Scheetz, J.P. Oleson, Ch.Brandon,

Abstract eng:
Roman hydraulic maritime concretes of the central Italian coast have Flegrean vitric tuff as coarse aggregate and mortar pozzolan. Pozzolanic reaction at high pH produced silica-rich CASH and calcium carbonate cements; tobermorite in the residual cores of lime and vitric tuff clasts; and ettringite and calcium-chloroaluminate in bead-like microstructures and voids. Phillipsite may reflect dissolution of residual alkali-rich volcanic glass at lower pH. The cement systems seem to have remained relatively stable during partial to full immersion in seawater for 2000 years. Further analytical investigations will determine the diverse chemical processes that produced specific cement microstructures.

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