Seismic Evaluation Based on Muon Monitoring of Prambanan World Heritage Temple Damaged By 2006 Central Java Earthqhake

Abstract eng:
Muon cosmic-ray that can penetrate rocks and soils gives us projection of the path’ density, therefore, muography technology has been successfully developed in the geological field for disaster prevention of volcano explosion. Furthermore, it was utilized to survey the inner condition of a blast furnace in a steel mill during its operation time. On the other hand, non-destructive tests are required, in general, to conduct structural survey of heritage structures with cultural and historical values. In particular, when World Heritage Monuments are surveyed, we have to follow this principle strictly. There are a number of World Cultural Heritages of masonry in seismic regions in the World. When their seismic safety is assessed, seismic structural survey must be conducted by employing non-destructive tests. Considering that muography technology can be useful for structural survey of massive masonry structures as a non-destructive test, we installed the muon detecting equipment at the Prambanan Temples, World Cultural Heritage of stone masonry in Indonesia. The muon cosmic-ray was monitored for 5 months. The Prambanan Temples of stone masonry structures were severely damaged by Central Java Earthquake of 2006. We had been successfully involved in architectural and structural survey project conducted by an international and interdisciplinary team. The damaged masonry monuments have been restored after the earthquake, however, restoration work of Candi Siva, the oldest and highest monument of the Prambanan Temples, had been delayed in starting, as the information of its inner structural condition was insufficient for proposing restoration plan. From an earthquake engineering point of view, 3-D finite element model was available for seismic structural diagnosis of such massive masonry structures. The scope of the present paper is to describe this challengeable non-destructive test utilizing muography technology for the Prambanan restoration project, as well as, to demonstrate applicability of this advanced technology to structural survey of World Cultural Heritages of masonry. Furthermore, the present paper demonstrates that this advanced technology will be useful for seismic safety evaluation. The muon data obtained at the site indicated that the monument must have inner chambers that had been unknown. The recorded data also indicated their sizes and locations. On the basis of this muography, the 3-D finite element model was revised to evaluate seismic safety of the monument. In the present study, not only the structure but also the soils were modeled to take into account the soli-structure interaction. It should be recognized that the Prambanan Temples were reconstructed by introducing RCC structure in by Dutch engineers in 1950’s and Indonesian experts in 1990’s. The analysis indicated that the inner structure of both masonry and RCC would not severely damaged, as the induced stress was less than the allowable stress. The present study demonstrates the muography will be useful for structural survey for seismic evaluation of heritage structures of masonry.

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