Shaking Table Test on Seismic Behavior of Tombstone with and without Reinforcement

Abstract eng:
Recently, many types of reinforcement have been developed to prevent tombstone from overturning. 3-dimensional shaking table tests of full-scale tombstone models were conducted to investigate the seismic behavior and overturning mechanism of the tombstones and the effect of reinforcement. Full scale Japanese-type and European-type tombstone models without any reinforcement and tombstones with bonding, adhesive and interlocking reinforcement were tested. Effectiveness of reinforcement measures was discussed based on the pictures and acceleration measurements. The conclusions obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows, 1) The main reason for damage of Japanese-type tombstones without reinforcement during the earthquake is overturning by rocking vibration, 2) The main reason for damage of European-type tombstones without reinforcement during the earthquake is dropping from base stone caused by large displacement of sliding, 3) Japanese-type tombstones were overturned by strong motion in compliance with JMA seismic intensity of 6+. European-type tombstones were overturned by strong motion in compliance with JMA seismic intensity of 7, 4) Reinforcement measures by gluing, adhesion or interlocking of tombstones are effective for mitigating the seismic disaster to tombstones.

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