In both Chinese and Japanese building codes, a two-stage design philosophy, damage limitation (small earthquake) and life safety (extreme large earthquake), is adopted. T [...]

Vertical earthquake components are usually insignificant during seismic analysis and design, whereas a safe design for the horizontal seismic responses is assumed to acco [...]

Based on the theory of elastic-plastic response spectrum and the relationship between displacement ductility and equivalent damping ratio of the non-linear restoring forc [...]