It is obvious from experience that structures which had not been designed and constructed according to standard codes, and therefore do not have enough lateral stiffness, [...]

Lack of integrity and ductility are two main reasons for seismic vulnerability of un-reinforced masonry (URM) walls and buildings. Constructing the walls without head joi [...]

Use of side plate in moment connections has enhanced the seismic behavior of connection specially in retrofitting project. The geometry of this connection eliminates reco [...]