This paper proposes a simple method to evaluate surface ground waveforms using both the natural period of the ground and input earthquake motion. In this research, the "E [...]

Damping properties are important in evaluating the safety of structures or the running safety of railway vehicles during earthquakes. For instance, it is pointed out that [...]

The design earthquake motions are often defined by the response spectra. For example, in the seismic design standard for the Japanese Railway facilities (1999) there are [...]